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让·弗朗索瓦·米勒(Jean Francois Millet,1814.10.4-1875.1.20),是法国近代绘画史上最受人们爱戴的画家。
让-弗朗索瓦·米勒出生在诺曼底省的一个农民家庭,青年时代种过田。23岁时到巴黎从师画家德拉罗什,画室里的同学都瞧不起米勒,说他是“土气的山里人”。老师也看不惯米勒,常斥责他:“你似乎全知道,但又全不知道。”这位乡下来的年轻人实在厌恶巴黎,说这个城市简直就是杂乱荒芜的大沙漠,只有卢浮宫才是艺术的“绿洲”。当他走进卢浮宫的大厅时惊喜地说:“我好像不知不觉地来到一个艺术王国,这里的一切使我的幻想变成了现实。”
米勒在巴黎贫困潦倒,亡妻的打击和穷困压得他透不过气来。为了生存,他用素描去换鞋子穿,用油画去换床睡觉,还曾为接生婆画招牌去换点钱,为了迎合资产者的感官刺激,米勒还画过庸俗低级的裸女。有一次米勒听到人们议论他说:“这就是那个除了画下流裸体、别的什么也不会画的米勒。”这使他伤透了心。从此他下决心不再迎合任何人了,坚决走自己的艺术道路。
从靠卖画艰难地糊口开始,贬笔洛可可风格的香艳绘画,这期间,无疑也给米勒的艺术生涯打下饱含凄凉、辛酸而又扎实的艺术功底。直至画家寄居枫丹白露的巴比松村,用写实的乡村风景画,开启法国巴比松派(Barbizon School),绘出了乡村中的树木、田野,以及劳动者的敦厚、朴实,使世人被画家笔下乡村中的优雅而感动,被画家神来的油墨表现所折服。
1849年巴黎流行黑热病,米勒携家迁居到巴黎郊区枫丹白露附近的巴比松村,这时米勒已35岁。在巴比松村米勒结识了柯罗、卢梭、特罗容等画家,在这个穷困闭塞的乡村,米勒一住就是27年之久。
米勒对大自然和农村生活有一种特殊的深厚感情,他早起晚归,上午在田间劳动,下午就在不大通光的小屋子里作画。米勒的生活异常困苦,但这并没有减弱他对艺术的酷爱和追求,他常常由于没钱买颜料就自己制造木炭条画素描。米勒爱生活、爱劳动、爱农民,他曾说过:“无论如何农民这个题材对于我是最合适的。”
米勒在巴比松的第一幅代表作品是《播种者》。以后相继创作了《拾穗者》和《晚钟》等名作。
米勒在他的画中采用了简洁手法,表现丰富的内涵,他的思想观点都通过真实的形象和场面自然地流露了出来。他创造了一种无与伦比的农民典型,他笔下的农民具有一种朴实、善良、 憨厚和稚拙的美,永远散发着泥土的气息。他用画笔和颜色表达了农民对土地的依恋,也揭示了人类围绕土地而争斗的喜悦与悲哀。
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